Day 3

Prayer - Memorare

Remember O most gracious Virgin Mary, never was it known that anyone who fled to thy protection, implored thy help or sought thine intercession was never left unaided. inspired by this confidence i fly unto thee O virgin of virgins. To thee do i come , before thee i stand sinful and sorrowful. O Mother of the word incarnate, despise not my petitions but hear and answer me. - Amen

Today's plan

1. Existential theory and therapy
2. Schizophrenia and other psychotic Disorders
3. 60 DSM practice questions

Achieved all three

The most important thing to note is the differential diagnosis of Psychotic disorders. You may write them down as you read and understand it and stick the paper in your room to go through before bed daily or whenever you could.

All the best to myself and YOU :-)

Day 2

Plan for day 2 

1. CBT
2. DBT
3. REBT
4. 100 practice questions/ audio listening 50 topics
5. Malingering disorder

Malingering Disorder

key word : intentional production of symptoms for external incentives

Day 1

Plan for Day 1 (Monday)

1. Adjustment Disorder
2. Factitious Disorder
3. BT - Behavioral therapy
4. Cognitive Therapy
5. CBT
6. DBT
7. REBT
8. 100 practice questions

Achieved 

1. Adjustment Disorder
2. Factitious Disorder
3. BT - Behavioral therapy
4. Cognitive Therapy

Pending : 3 

Next day plan  (tooth extraction scheduled :-( not sure if I can do it, anyway let's hope for best)

1. CBT
2. DBT
3. REBT
4. 100 practice questions/ audio listening 50 topics
5. Malingering disorder

Cognitive Therapy

Overview

   

 

 CT seeks to help the patients overcome the difficulties by identifying and changing dysfunctional thinking, behavior and emotional responses. This involves skills for :

• modifying beliefs
• identifying distorted thinking related to others
• changing behaviors

CT recognizes 10 common faulty patterns of thinking which are known as cognitive distortions. They are below:

 

if you don't want to spend time on video, here you go

Another important concept in CT include automatic thoughts and schemas. 

Methods used in CT

1. Collaborative empiricism 

 

2. guided discovery/socratic questioning

Guided discovery is based on asking a series of questions that allows information to be brought into the client’s awareness. The client is therefore encouraged to discover things for herself. Guided discovery is sometimes also known interchangeably as Socratic questioning as it is derived from the method of teaching employed by Socrates, as recorded in the Socratic Dialogues (Cooper, 1997). This consisted of asking questions, which then promoted reflection, which in turn produced knowledge. These terms are often used interchangeably, which can be misleading. Socrates tended to know exactly where he was going with his questions, which is not a necessity for guided discovery, as detailed below. Originally, Socratic questioning involved a questioning style similar to that of a cross-examination (Sieple, 1985). Repetitive questioning was used to force people to admit their ignorance (Nelson, 1980). This would often result in humiliation of the client (Chessick, 1982).

ref ; http://www.priory.com/psychiatry/guided_therapy.htm

 3. graded task assignments

4. activity scheduling

5. journaling

6. validity testing

7. Modeling

8. Home work

9. Cognitive rehearsal

Reference :

http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/36593_01_Neenan_&_Dryden_(CT)_2e_CH_01.pdf (important notes)
http://mysite.du.edu/~chmorley/Beck.pdf

Factitious Disorder

key word : intentional production or feigning of physical or psychological signs or symptoms, the motivation for the behavior is to assume sick role. external incentives for behavior are absent. 

Reference :

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/causes-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-factitious-disorders.html#lesson

Adjustment Disorder

key phrase : psychological response to an identifiable "stressor"

the emotional or behavioral symptom must develop within 3 months from the onset of the stressor and symptoms do not persist for more than additional 6 months time once the stressor has been terminated. do not represent bereavement

Techniques of Behavioral Therapy

This includes Behavior therapy techniques as well as REBT and CBT techniques since the later was developed from the former.

1. Bio feedback
is the process of gaining greater awareness of many physiological functions primarily using instruments that provide information on the activity of those same systems with the goal of being able to manipulate them at WILL . Bio feedback may be used to improve health, performance and the physiological changes which often occur in conjunction with change to thoughts, emotions and behavior.




2. contingency contracts
a document that specifies a contingent relationship between the completion of a specific behavior and the access to the specified reinforcer


3. extinction
eradicating undesirable behavior is called extinction.

4. Over-correction

In behaviour modification overcorrection is a psychotherapeutic technique involving the repetition of appropriate behavior after the occurence of an unwanted behavior. This is based on the principle of overlearning.

It is particularly used when teaching people with intellectual disabilities.

ref : http://www.psychologyinspain.com/content/full/1197/15bis.htm

5. Positive Reinforcement

strengthening the behavior you want to see or develop or bring change about. often an effective way to change behavior without unpleasant effects.


6. Premack principle

7. shaping
the type of conditioning used to encourage specific behavior by rewarding actions that come increasingly closer to the desired behavior



8. Time out

separating from the opportunity of pleasure


9. Token economy
rewarding desired behaviors with tokens that can be saved and traded for another reinforcement



10. implosion and flooding

desensitizing a client by exposing to the situation with dire consequences, flooding forces person to confront fear

ref : http://www.psychologistworld.com/behavior/flooding.php

11. assertiveness training

The word assertiveness is used to describe behaviour which helps us to communicate clearly our WANTS, NEEDS and FEELINGS to other people without abusing their rights as human beings. It is not about 'getting what you want' all the time, but about negotiating life without constant anxiety or lack of self-confidence, It is an alternative to aggressive, passive or manipulative behaviour.


12. systematic desensitization

Systematic desensitization is a type of behavioral therapy based on the principle of classical conditioning. It was developed by Wolpe during the 1950s.

This therapy aims to remove the fear response of a phobia, and substitute a relaxation response to the conditional stimulus gradually using counter conditioning.

ref : http://www.simplypsychology.org/Systematic-Desensitisation.html

13. Relaxation training

this is used as a distinct process while using systematic desensitization for treating anxiety phobias OCD and further more. Relaxation produces physiological effects opposite to anxiety.

14. differential reinforcement



15. vicarious conditioning

The learning of various attitudes, feelings, beliefs and emotions, not through direct exposure to a stimulus, but through observing how others react to it. For example, the child becomes afraid of an animal after watching an older sibling or parent show signs of verbal and nonverbal aversion and fear of this same animal.

16. Modeling

a method used in certain techniques of psychotherapy whereby the client learns by imitation alone, without any specific verbal direction by the therapist

ref : http://www.minddisorders.com/Kau-Nu/Modeling.html

17. Proselytizing - sharing the approach with others

18. Re framing - viewing a problem from a different perspective, which gives it a different meaning
This is another strategy for getting bad events into perspective. One way to reframe events is to reevaluate them as 'disappointing', 'concerning', or 'uncomfortable' rather than 'awful' or 'unbearable'. Another way is to see that even negative events almost always have a positive side to them, listing all the positives you can think of.
ref : http://www.testandcalc.com/Self_Defeating_Beliefs/sup9.asp

19. Bibiliotherapy - psycho-educational assignments but also reading assignments

20. Stop and Monitor - establish cues to stop and monitor the process throughout the day (technique used in REBT )

21. in vivo desentitization - a form of systematic desensitization where the client is systematically exposed to the phobic stimulus rather than made to imagine being exposed to the phobic stimulus.

ref : http://www.simplypsychology.org/Systematic-Desensitisation.html

22. rational emotive imagery
it is a form of intense mental practice designed to establish new emotional patterns by making the clinets imagine themselves the worst thing that could happen, unhealthy and upset feelings, intense experience of feelings and changing them to healthy and positive feelings. As clients change their feelings about adversities, they stand a better chance of changing their behavior.


23. Role playing and reverse role playing

Role-playing is a technique that allows the client opportunities to imitate the modeled behaviors, which strengthens what has been learned. Role-play can be defined as practice or behavior rehearsal; it allows the client to receive feedback about the practice as well as encouraging the use of the newly learned skill in real-life situations. For example, a group of people who are trying to learn social skills might practice the skills needed for a job interview or for dealing with a minor problem (returning a defective item to a store, asking someone for directions, etc.). Role-play can also be used for modeling, in that the therapist may role-play certain situations with clients. During practice, the therapist frequently coaches, prompts, and shapes the client's enactment of the behavior so that the rehearsals can come increasingly close to the desired behavior.

Read more: http://www.minddisorders.com/Kau-Nu/Modeling.html#ixzz38d3GHFTy

24. forceful coping statements
it is a way to help clients to go from intellectual to emotional insight. clients are shown how to conduct forceful dialogues by reverse role playing in which therapist adopts the clients beliefs and vigorously argues for it. while the client tries to convince the therapist that the belief is dysfunctional.

25. Reciprocal inhibition :

In psychology, reciprocal inhibition is a form of behavioral therapy in which a desired behavioral response is repeatedly carried out in the presence of a stimulus that normally triggers an undesired response. For example, a patient with a phobia of snakes might be repeatedly exposed to the presence of a snake, while practicing a deliberate relaxation procedure. The theory behind this type of reciprocal inhibition therapy is that, with sufficient repetition, the old, undesirable response can be unlearned, and a new behavioral pattern can be permanently established.

Reference : http://www.testandcalc.com/Self_Defeating_Beliefs/sup9.asp

http://www.slideshare.net/aamnahaneef/techniques-of-rebt

http://kaunselorsehatisejiwa.blogspot.com/p/technique.html

http://nursingplanet.com/pn/behaviour_therapy.html

Eating Disorders

ANOREXIA NERVOSA

4 criteria

1. refusal to maintain ideal body weight 85% than expected by restrict or binge and purge
2. extreme fear of gaining weight though underweight
3. distorted perception of self : severely underweight but perceive obese and overweight 
4. missing period : amenorrhea i.e missing 3 periods at least

Specifier 

• Restricting type - absence of purging or binge eating
• Binge eating/purging type - induce vomiting

BULIMIA NERVOSA

criteria

1. presence of binge eat - more than a normal amount of food in short period of time and sense of lack of control over eating
2. inappropriate compensatory behavior
3. self evaluation unduly influenced by body shape and weight

Further more

Treatment

1. for those medical status not seriously undermined an outpatient setting is suffecient
2. for those who are seriously starving and life is at risk, forced hospitalization and in patient treatment is required along with group therapy, cognitive restructuring, nutritional counselling, individual intervention and family intervention
3. co existing conditions must be taken into account while planning for treatment, like substance abuse, obsessive compulsive behaviors, anxiety.

Reference :

DSM

Social Workers Desk Reference : Eating Disorders and treatment planning pg : 328

Behavioral Therapy

Behaviorism  is very important to understand behavioral therapy. Its a theoretical construct to understand the whole perspective based on which various techniques were developed. Again its not just one theories or one theorist who can be associated with this. Its a whole school of thinkers and their approaches which has lead to the development of Behavioral Theory and further Therapy.

http://socialworkpodcast.blogspot.com/2007/03/behavior-therapy.html (very useful podcast) 

Behavioral Theories

Learning theories has been the philosophical foundation for behavioral therapy.

operant conditioning

repondant conditioning / classical of Pavlovian conditioning 

 

 

contiguity theory

Four major types of Behavioral therapy : 

1. Applied Behavior analysis
2. Neo behavioristic stimulus response
3. Social Learning theory
4. Cognitive behavior modification therapy

Techniques 

1. Assertiveness training
2. behavioral rehearsal
3. token economics
4. contingency contracting
5. systematic desensitization
6. in vivo desensitization
7. implosive therapy
8. exposure therapy
9. covert sensitization
10. aversive techniques
11. Biofeedback
12. premack principle
13. extinction
14. cost shapping
15. time out

Cognitive behavioral modification techniques

1. thought stopping and covert assertion
2. diversion techniques
3. Reframing

Prominent behavioral therapists and theorists

C.L Hull

j.b.watson

Bandura

e.r.guthrie

E C Tolman

    

Reference : 

The Practice of Social Work by Charles Zastrow pg: 385
Social Workers Desk reference by albert and Gilbert pg: 137
http://socialworkpodcast.blogspot.com/search/label/behavior%20therapy

Techniques : http://www.med.nus.edu.sg/pcm/book/40.pdf (very useful)

Tiring????

Preparation becomes tiring for many reasons...However this is not a mt.everest task for sure. In this 1 yr long journey of facing the exam let me jot down all that i've learnt from myself so it will help you know how better you can know yourself to plan in much better way.

1. If you have 1 year time to take your exam, never take your time for granted. collect the materials and plan according to the  least amount of time you can spend on your preparation.
2. If you have 1 yr or 6 months or 3 months or even 1 month its still a time enough to conquer the exam. All you need is a sound plan and consistency to stick to it.
3. Divide the topics.compartmentalize the matter for better retention and recovery. Either you could divide the topics according to ASWB handbook, or divide according to study guides, or even your own topics but make sure you cover all that is mentioned by ASWB.
4. A simple blue print will help you have a right mind set to sit down to study. There is a minimum of 15 days in which if you could cover 15 theories, 15 class of disorders and 15 major therapeutic interventions you are half way through the ocean. That means 4 topics a day along with doing practice questions each day for 15 days, you have all major data in your head. Am sure everybody has more than 15 days of time :-)
5. Take books that cover the majority of the topics and read the content while tired of recalling information or doing practice tests. I would suggest Social Work Practice by Charles Zastrow, Social Work Desk Reference by Albert and Gilbert, The practice of Social Work by Louise C Johnson and DSM

So i have come now down from a one year to a 15 days plan...I would have planned and failed at least 10- 15 times in a year by now. crossing so much of hurdles...Now into 15 days plan, am going to create a label and blog under the title 15 days plan and how it goes..... Never give up :-)  (feel funny inside)

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy

Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) is based on the concept that emotions and behaviors result from cognitive processes; and that it is possible for human beings to modify such processes to achieve different ways of feeling and behaving. REBT is one of a number of therapies that come under the heading ‘cognitive-behavioural’.

Theory of Causation

REBT suggests that human beings defeat or ‘disturb’ themselves in two main ways: (1) by holding irrational beliefs about their ‘self’ (ego disturbance) or (2) by holding irrational beliefs about their emotional or physical comfort (discomfort disturbance). Frequently, the two go together – people may think irrationally about both their ‘selves’ and their circumstances – though one or the other will usually be predominant.

"Musterbations" or cognitive distortions according to REBT

1. Awfulizing
2. I cant stand it -thinking
3. damnation
4. all or nothing thinking
5. jumping to conclusions
6. fortune telling
7. focusing on the negative
8. ignoring the positive
9. Minimization
10. emotional reasoning
11. labeling and over generalization
12. personalizing
13. phonyism
14. perfectionism

Process of the therapy

1. engage the client
2. assess the person, problem and situation
3. prepare the client for therapy
4. implement the treatment program
5. Evaluate the progress

Techniques used in REBT

1. Cognitive techniques - rational analysis, double standard dispute, catastrophe scale, devil's advocate , re framing
2. Imagery techniques - time projection and blow up techniques
3. behavioral techniques - exposure, shame attacking, risk taking, paradoxical behavior, stepping out of character, postponing gratification
4. Homework

 

Reference :

http://www.rational.org.nz/prof-docs/Intro-REBT.pdf (very useful link)

http://www.smartrecovery.org/resources/library/For_Family_Volunteers_Professionals/basics-of-rebt.pdf

http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/36870_Neenan_&_Dryden_(REBT)_2e_CH_01.pdf

Dialectical Behavioral Therapy

Overview : 

In a nutshell DBT is the approach adding validation and dialectical to CBT. Keep this in mind and you can understand and remember DBT easily.

 DBT = CBT+ Acceptance+Dialectics 

Founder : 

Marsha M Linehan 

Skills

four sets of important skills – Mindfulness, Interpersonal Effectiveness, Emotion Regulation, and Distress Tolerance.

1.Skills -overview :

 

 

Goals of the treatment 

Stage I: Moving from Being Out of Control of One’s Behavior to Being in Control

Stage II. Moving from Being Emotionally Shut Down to Experiencing Emotions Fully

Stage III. Building an Ordinary Life, Solving Ordinary Life Problems

Stage IV. Moving from Incompleteness to Completeness/Connection

Reference 

http://www.dbtselfhelp.com/DBTinaNutshell.pdf

http://behavioraltech.org/downloads/dbtFaq_Cons.pdf

http://www.bipolarsjuk.se/pdf/Handbook%20in%20DBT%20Group.pdf

http://behavioraltech.org/downloads/DBT_FAQ.pdf

https://www.ok.gov/odmhsas/documents/LISA%20GROSSENBACHER%20KRISS%20BRYANT%20PRESENTATION.pdf

more tips....

The best that i've realized and found in this exam prep is, you cannot move a mountain in a day. A consistent and steady method is the only way to do it.

• Never over do yourself even if you feel interested in a particular day. Moderation and consistency are the two main ingredients to success. 3 hrs a day for 3 months is the most effective way to prepare. If you work then 2 hours a day for 6 months is good. (i over do sometimes and dont do the next couple of days, then i try moderation and steady speed, it works...try and let me know)
• Plan your time and stick to the schedule. This is not a matter of discipline but a matter of behavioral technique. conditioning as we say. your brain gets ready to assimilate the study experience and stuff you are taking into the brain in some fascinating fashion and yield you result. 
• Always study in multiple ways. not only by reading, switch to videos when u r  bored to read, switch to audio when u take a quiet walk, write concepts down as puzzle for yourself to recollect and see how much your brain can recollect concepts. sometimes read extensively and repeatedly. this is a principle of recency. the brain easily remembers things repeatedly exposed to. Do it as a game not a study routine. The more interested you make it the more the brain is going to be active to absorb it.

If any other tips you want to add please add in comments section so it helps students out there.

All the best!!!

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

  

 

 

The Social Work Podcast: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT):

CBT can be an effective therapy for the following problems:

• anger management
• anxiety and panic attacks
• child and adolescent problems
• chronic fatigue syndrome
• chronic pain
• depression
• drug or alcohol problems
• eating problems
• general health problems
• habits, such as facial tics
• mood swings
• obsessive-compulsive disorder
• phobias
• post-traumatic stress disorder
• sexual and relationship problems
• sleep problems

Techniques :

 

exposure therapy

Stress inoculation therapy




This channel is very useful : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMiM_PagHho&list=UUZ8MAM1oUKyuTQArFrVTFZA

Not for notes, but a useful site : http://www.getselfhelp.co.uk/cbtstep1.htm

Reference 

Social worker's Desk reference, albert and gilbert pg :116
http://www.mirecc.va.gov/visn16/docs/therapists_guide_to_brief_cbtmanual.pdf

Functional family therapy

Reference :

https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/184743.pdf

http://www.iprt.ie/files/Paul_Johnston_Families_First.pdf

http://mentalhealth.vermont.gov/sites/dmh/files/cafuIFBS/DMH-CAFU_IFBS_Functional_Family_Therapy.pdf (useful)

http://education.gov.uk/commissioning-toolkit/Content/PDF/Functional%20Family%20Therapy%20FFT.pdf

http://www.fftsverige.se/files/pdf/workshop-alex-1.pdf

Existential Therapy

 

http://socialworkpodcast.blogspot.com/search?q=existential+therapy (very important link)

Theorists

Existential psychotherapy was developed by Friedrich Nietzsche, Soren Kierkegaard, Jean-Paul Sartre, Rollo May, James Bugental, Viktor Frankl, Irvin Yalom, Kirk Schneider, Stephen Diamond, and Myrtle Heery. 

very useful link : http://www.existential-therapy.com/

Irvin Yalom

viktor frankl

Rollo May

To watch :

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBA6FD74148B8DBDC

Reference :

Social Work Desk reference , Albert and Gilbert pg: 609
http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/36600_02_Van_Deurzen_Ch_01.pdf
http://structured-group-resources.wikispaces.com/file/view/NewsLetter_Bruce_Graves_Murphy+(1).pdf

Psycho dynamic theories

The psychodynamic approach includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious, and between the different structures of the personality.
The psychodynamic theories of personality are mainly composed of famous theorists such as Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson and Alfred Adler. The Object Relations Theory also belongs to this group of personality theories. 
The psychodynamic perspective is concerned with how internal processes such as needs, drives, and emotions motivate human behavior.

1. Drive theory
2. Ego Psychology
3. Object relations
4. Self Psychology

Freud's Psychodynamic theory

Freud's theory of Psycho sexual development

Drive Theory :
Drive or instinct theory. This theory proposes that human behavior is motivated by two basic instincts: thanatos, or the drive for aggression or destruction, and eros, or the drive for life (through sexual gratification).Recent revisions of drive theory have suggested that human behavior is alsomotivated by drives formastery (see D.Goldstein,1996) and for connectedness (Borden, 2009).


Ego Psychology :

 

Object Relations
to read :
https://www.ivcc.edu/uploadedFiles/_faculty/_mangold/Klein%20and%20others%20-%20Object%20Relations%20Theory%20Outline%20Notes.pdf

http://www.psychology.sunysb.edu/attachment/online/attach_depend.pdf http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/freuds-psychoanalytic-theory-on-instincts-motivation-personality-development.html#lesson

Self Psychology

to read : 

http://www.stlpi.org/upload/494c011a28699.pdf

to view :

 http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/ego-theory-self-theory-and-object-relations-theory.html#lesson

Reference :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychodynamics

https://explorable.com/psychodynamic-theories-of-personality

http://www.slideshare.net/medek/psychodynamic-theories-of-personality

http://ncsss.cua.edu/res/docs/field/PsychodynamicHBSE.pdf

Developmental Theories

Jean Piaget's stages of Cognitive Development

4 stages of Cognitive Development

1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational 

To View :

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/jean-piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development.html#lesson

Lawrence Kholberg's stages of Moral Development

To view :

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/kohlbergs-stages-of-moral-development.html#lesson

Carol Gilligan theory of Moral Development

To view :

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/carol-gilligans-theory-of-moral-development.html#lesson

Erickson's 8 stages of Maturation

to view :

Freud's Psychosexual stages of Development

to view : 

Margret Mahler's Stages of Development

Margret Mahler

Refer :

 http://www.powershow.com/view1/d68fd-ZDc1Z/Development_of_Self_powerpoint_ppt_presentation

http://www.childdevelopmentmedia.com/margaret-mahler-and-the-separation-individuation-theory.html

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

to view :

Alfred Adler's birth order

to view :

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/birth-order-and-the-inferiority-complex-according-to-adler.html#lesson

Jane Loevinger's stages of ego development

Jane Loevinger

1. Pre-social/symbiotic : lack of recognition of difference between self and non self, mother becomes different from environment
2. Impulsive : difference between self and mother, fixation with sexul and aggressive drives, implosive and exploitative and dependent
3. Opportunistic: child tries to manipulate and control others, follows rules and moralities when it is conveniently advantageous to them
4. Conformist : child develops trust, becomes very self conscious of their appreance, how others see them and their personal possessions, rules are somewhat internalized
5. conscientious : child internalizes morality regulated by ethical imperatives, disobedience results in feelings of guilt, relationship with others are intense and accountable, internal feelings and success pre occupy their thoughts
6. Autonomous : constant thoughts about self identity and fulfillment, maintaining independence in relationships, learning to deal with and accept personal conflicts, differences with others and controlling impulses
7. Integrated : grandiose or unattainable ideas from childhood are replaced, appreciate individuality in personal relationships, reconciliation of conflicts, constant thoughts of attaining an integrated identity
8. Self protective (transition stage between stage 1 and 2)
9. Self aware :(transition stage between 4 and 5 )

refer : 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loevinger's_stages_of_ego_development

Robert Havinghurst theory of developmental task

Robert Havinghurst

Six stages of Developmental tasks

1. Infancy and early childhood (0-6) - learning to walk, take solid foods, talk, control elimination of body waste, sex differences and sexual modesty, achieving physiological stability and forming simple concepts of social and physical reality, learning to relate oneself to parent, sibling and other people, learning to distinguish between right and wrong and developing a conscience
2. Middle Childhood (age 6-12) - learning physical skills necessary for ordinary games, building wholesome attitude towards oneself as a growing organism, learning to get along with age mates, learning appropriate masculine and feminine social role, developing fundamental skills in reading writing and calculation, developing concepts necessary for everyday living, developing conscience, morality and a scale of values, achieving personal independence
3. Adolescence(12-18) - achieving new and more mature relations with age mates of both sexes, achieving a masculine or feminine social role, accepting one's physique and using the body effectively, achieving emotional independence of parents and other adults, achieving assurance of economic independence, selecting and preparing for an occupation, preparing for marriage and family life, developing intellectual skills and competence necessary for civic competence, desiring and achieving socially responsible behavior, acquiring a set of values and an ethical system as a guide to behavior
4. Early Adulthood (18-30) - selecting a mate,learning to live with a partner, starting family , rearing children, managing home, getting started in occupation, taking on civic responsibility, finding a congenial social group
5. Middle Age (30-60) achieving adult civic and social responsibility, establishing and maintaining an economic standard of living, assisting teen age children to become responsible and happy adults, developing adult leisure time activities, relating oneself to one's spouse as a person, accepting and adjusting to physiological changes of middle age, adjusting to aging parents
6. Later Maturity (past 60) - adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health, adjustment to retirement and reduced income, adjusting to death of a spouse, establishing an explicit affiliation with one's age group, meeting social and civic obligations, establishing satisfactory physical living arrangements

to refer :
http://www.slideshare.net/teachingandmore882/robert-j-8202628

David levinnson's Life structure or Adult Development theory

to refer :

http://www.powershow.com/view1/171264-ZDc1Z/Social_and_Personality_Development_in_Middle_Adulthood_powerpoint_ppt_presentation

Noam CHomsky language development

Noam Chomsky

to view:

Benjamin Whorf linguistic relativity

Benjamin Lee Whorf

Along with Edward Sapir they claim that language shape the way people think. because of differing languages cultures vary in their understanding of the world. The link between language and thought is considered bi directional.

Reference ;

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=video&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCEQtwIwAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.powershow.com%2Fview1%2F45550-ZDc1Z%2FAdult_Development_Theories_powerpoint_ppt_presentation&ei=eH_AU_6sC8mOyAT5j4CIDA&usg=AFQjCNFNh3d1qpad1hvfLuBHMiasdWfNDw&sig2=3F69HA4dpr_5AkqKCqd_zw&bvm=bv.70810081,d.aWw